RTL Implementation of MP3 Decoder IP Core Free Essays

string(38) " decipherer for this specific format\." RTL IMPLEMENTATION OF MP3 DECODER IP CORE Abstraction The intent of this survey is to look into the effectivity of the MP3 decrypting design in hardware comparison to the more popular package design. Nowadays, the MP3 file format is the most popular criterion for audio compaction, used in playback device such as audio participants and nomadic phones. While MP3 decryption is one of the indispensable portion in multimedia system, most of the decryption design are software-based, peculiarly because of the design of the system, which is easier compared to the hardware portion. We will write a custom essay sample on RTL Implementation of MP3 Decoder IP Core or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the package design has higher clock, therefore higher power ingestion. This happens because of the design itself ; it has more iteration in the scheduling algorithm. There are undertakings that combine both hardware and package design in the MP3 decrypting creative activity, but the standalone hardware rational belongings ( IP ) nucleus is still non good explored. This paper will present a brief position on the basicss of the undertaking, every bit good as the needed inside informations needed in working on the undertaking. Every inside informations presented in the study are either gathered from diaries, books and the online beginning available. The mark of this undertaking is to run the designated IP nucleus and implemented in Register Transfer Level ( RTL ) manner, in which it easy means utilizing the hardware descriptive linguistic communication ( HDL ) as the footing linguistic communication for the design. Table OF CONTENTS Chapter Title Page Dedication 2 Recognitions 3 Abstraction 4 Table OF CONTENTS 5 List OF FIGURES 7 1.0 Introduction 8 1.1 Undertaking Background 8 1.2 Aim 9 1.3 Problem Statement 9 1.4 Scope of the Undertaking 10 2.0 Literature Review 11 2.1 Related Studies and Previous Work 11 2.2 Introduction to the MP3 Decoding Core 13 2.2.1 Synchroscope 14 2.2.2 Huffman Decoding 15 2.2.3 Requantiser 16 2.2.4 Reordering 17 2.2.5 Antialiasing 18 2.2.6 Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform ( IMDCT ) 19 2.2.7 Synthesis Polyphase Filterbank 20 3.0 Research Methodology 22 3.1 Introduction 22 3.2 Ocular Representation of Research Methodology 22 3.2.1 Altera DE2 Board 24 3.2.2 Altera Quartus II 25 3.2.3 NIOS II 25 List OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. Title Page 2.1 The MP3 bitstream format 19 2.2 The three parts of frequence line 20 2.3 The reordering procedure ( the darker coloring material represents higher frequences ) 22 2.4 The antialias butterfly 23 2.5 Types of window sequences in a subband 25 2.6 The IMDCT operation flow 27 3.1 The undertaking work flow 3.2 The Altera DE2 board ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.terasic.com.tw/ ) 29 3.3 The Quartus II work bench environment 30 3.4 The NIOS II work bench environment 31 Chapter 1 Introduction Undertaking Background MPEG-1/2 audio layer-3 ( MP3 ) is a most popular format for playback of high quality compressed sound. During the recent old ages the application of MP3 sound codec has exploded. Typically MP3 files are played back utilizing package ( CPU or DSP ) , but recent tendencies have since informant the outgrowth of portable device, such as nomadic phones and MP3 participants. While DSP architecture is the most efficient for running MP3 participant, the challenges of FPGA execution of MP3 decrypting are less understood. Field Programmable Gate Array, merely known as FPGA, is one type of incorporate circuit that is consumer-programmable, therefore it is called â€Å"field programmable† . This incorporate circuit uses hardware descriptive linguistic communication ( HDL ) to configure. Nowadays, FPGA has since advanced into a high degree of efficiency during the past decennary. It has since become the major HP in different types of application, since it can be employed as standalone System on Chip ( SoC ) or powerful gas pedals in multi-chip system. The mark of the undertaking is to implement the MP3 decrypting nucleus by using the FPGA belongingss. While utilizing the bing package codification to run the decipherer in package, efforts has been done to run the decipherer in hardware, which will go the chief way in this undertaking. Then, comparing the public presentation of these two methods will besides be the focal point of the undertaking. Aim The aim of this undertakings are: To plan the MP3 decipherer hardware based and can be implemented in portable based design To measure the efficiency of the hardware based decipherer comparison to the common package based decipherer Problem Statement Most of the MP3 decryption designs are of in package. However, the hardware importance of the decryption design has since taken the popularity today. Therefore, several efforts have been taken to make the to the full hardware architecture of the decryption nucleus. This paper will measure the efficiency of the hardware decipherer as per package decipherer and to look into the advantages of both methods. Scope of the Undertaking The range of the undertaking includes combination of several elements such as hardware, package and electronic parts. Below are the Scopess for the undertaking. Uses Verilog HDL linguistic communication as its chief footing for programming Explore the application of Verilog utilizing Altera DE2 Board Include package programming such as C and C++ Implement the application ( partial ) utilizing downloaded package for package execution ( Quartus II 9.1, Nios II 9.1 ) Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In 1988, Hiroshi Yasuda ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) and Leonardo Chiariglione had initiated the working group Traveling Pictures Experts Group ( MPEG ) to put the criterions for audio and video compaction and transmittal. The group, formed by International Organisation for Standardisation ( ISO ) and International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) , has since developed into an organisation joined by members from assorted industries, universities and research establishments. One of the criterions that have created is the MPEG-1 Layer 3, or good known as MP3. MP3 is the standard format used for digital audio compaction, in which the design have 12:1 compaction ratio, from 1.4Mbps 128kbps bitrate for compact phonograph record ( Cadmium ) music. Related Studies and Previous Work It is known that MP3 decrypting procedure is a hard procedure, but several research workers and industrialist have attempted to plan the decipherer for this specific format. You read "RTL Implementation of MP3 Decoder IP Core" in category "Essay examples" For case, Faltmanet Al.( 2003 ) have stated that the designing of MP3 decrypting in portable and stand-alone participants have gained in popularity. In the study, Faltmanet Al.( 2003 ) besides stated the importance in the public presentation of these hardware MP3 decrypting based on the clock rhythms and power use. It besides includes an effort to to make an MP3 decipherer in hardware, by utilizing Xilinx FPGA board. Thuonget Al.( 2005 ) have proposed the architecture of the MP3 decryption nucleus, in which the subcores of the architecture can be separately designed, coded and tested easy. However, the design of the nucleus is coded utilizing VHDL, the older version of RTL linguistic communication. Ko and Nicolici ( 2007 ) have tested the execution of the nucleus utilizing Altera DE2 board and Xilinx multimedia board. It besides has consequences including the figure of logic elements, reversals, memories and multipliers involved. Bhargav and Yang ( 2008 ) have introduced the use of Linux-run interface on the decryption nucleus. Their research has besides opened the possibilities of animating the popular piece of consumer engineering utilizing bing hardware available in the lab. Still, the design utilizes both hardware and package constituent in their design architecture. It has few general lags due to system clock and debugging procedure. Singhet Al.( 2008 ) have proposed that the demand of hand-held participants and multimedia in nomadic phone have raised a demand for a dedicated hardware to decrypt the file formats with low power ingestion and faster acceleration. Papakonstantinouet Al.( 2008 ) have researched instance survey on the execution of drifting point math in decipherer execution to accomplish existent clip and faster decrypting procedure. In the instance survey, the writers introduce floating-point ( FP ) unit in their architecture to measure the operation velocity ; therefore naming it the FP execution of MP3 decryption. In the latest research by Moslehpouret Al.( 2013 ) , the undertaking uses NIOS II system, which is a portion of package device, to read files and produces end product from the decrypting procedure. By utilizing unafraid digital ( SD ) card as input devices, the system uses Altera DE2 board but synthesize different file format: moving ridge files, or.wav extension files. Even so, the exposure of the study have shown that running the decipherer is possible, peculiarly because of package characteristics use Altera SOPC builder in Altera Quartus 9.1 environment, in which the platform is largely used in third instruction degree. Some of the old work did even make the architectural design of MP3 decipherer, utilizing a VLSI cell-based attack. Tsaiet Al.( 2004 ) have proposed the specific architectural construction of MP3 decipherer in which it achieves a high throughput with a decreased memory demand and hardware complexness. Meanwhile, Kalpanaet Al.( 2012 ) have tried to implement the algorithm on the decreased direction set computer science ( RISC ) based ARM processor, which is far more advanced, proficient wised. All of the old work did hold its important characteristics in edifice MP3 decryption nucleus, either in hardware or package. However, the execution of MP3 decrypting IP nucleus, which uses Verilog HDL as its hardware linguistic communication, as implementing it to the full hardware based is non good discovered. Therefore, the focal point is the study is to undertake the design of MP3 decrypting nucleus, on the surface at least. Introduction to the MP3 Decoding Core Harmonizing to Kalpanaet Al.( 2012 ) , all MP3 files are divided into fragments called frames. Each frames shops 1152 samples, enduring for 26ms, which the frame rate is about 38 frame per second ( Federal Protective Service ) . The first measure to decrypt MP3 file format is by happening the start of the frame, which is called synchronism procedure, or else called initial reading. Synchroscope Before decryption, the start of the frame must be found. If the frame is interrupted, we can non happen the exact place of the following frame ( Thuonget Al., 2007 ) . The construction of the frame consists of 5 parts ; heading, cyclic redundancy cheque ( CRC ) , side information, chief informations and accessory informations. Heading CRC Side Information Main informations Ancillary Data img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.003.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.002.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.001.png"/ Figure 2.1The MP3 bitstream format The inside informations about the frame heading is as follows: Frame Header It is a 32-bit long and has description of the frame, together with the synchronism word to separate the get downing portion of the bitstream CRC Use to look into if there is any transmittal mistake for the most sensitive informations. The CRC will merely exists when the protection spot in the heading is set. Side Information Includes the of import information needed to decrypt the chief information. This depends on the channel manner. For individual channel, 136 spots are allocated, while for double channel, 256 spot allocated ( this is tantamount to 17 bytes in individual channel, 32 bytes in dual-channel ) Main Data The chief informations portion consists of the frames that includes scalefactors, Huffman coded spots and accessory informations Ancillary Data This information can keep user-defined information. This frame country can keep optional informations such as vocal name or song information. Huffman Decoding This subdivision contains one of the most of import undertaking in MP3 decryption. The undertaking of Huffman decrypting is to transform and mapping the information into scalefactors and symbols stand foring the 576 original frequence lines for each granule. These frequence line is divided into three divider ;Big-values,Count1andRzero. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.005.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.006.png" Big-values Count1 Rzero img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.007.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.009.png"/ Figure 2.2The three parts of frequence line Detailss on the Huffman codification divider are as follows: Big-values Represents the lowest frequence lines and are coded with the highest preciseness, scaled from values between -15 to 15. When the decipherer finds the value 15, it assumes that the higher preciseness is needed. This can be done by utilizing the value 15 as an flight codification, so reads extra spots from the imput watercourse. The figure specified in the Huffman tabular array are called linbits. Count1 Represent the higher frequence lines ; non necessitate the higher preciseness scaled value. Ranging from -1 to 1. Rzero Represent the highest frequence lines, and non portion of the bitstream. It contains the the frequence lines that are removed by the encoder. These values are filled with nothing by the decipherer. Requantiser The symbols generated from Huffman decrypting is so reconstructed into the original frequence line by utilizing the scalefactors provided in the side information of the frame. The low frequence scalefactor set contains less values than the high frequence. The descaling equation for both short blocks and long blocks are defined as Short blocks: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.011.png"/ Long blocks: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.012.png"/ The denoted scalefactorsscalefactor_sandscalefactor_lused by requantiser are provided by Huffman decipherer. Parametersglobal_gain,subblock_gainandpreflagcan be found in the frames provided by the Synchroniser block. The notaionimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.013.png"defines end product from the Requantser block, whileimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.014.png"is the Huffman decoded value at indexI. Reordering This block merely has one undertaking: it reorders the frequence lines within a granule. When the short block is decoded, a short window will be used. The end product is so sorted into subbands, so on frequences and at last by Windowss to increase the efficiency of Huffman coding. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.015.png"/ Figure 2.3The reordering procedure ( the darker coloring material represents higher frequences ) Antialiasing Antialiasing is the procedure where its map is to cut down the inevitable assumed name effects because of the use of non-ideal bandpass filtering. The alias Reconstruction is based on the butterfly computation, dwelling of eight butterfly computation for each subband. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.016.png"/ Figure 2.4The antialias butterfly Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform Inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform, known as IMDCT, reproduce clip samples from the frequence lines, together with synthesis polyphase filterbank. The clip samples can be obtained from the frequence lines by utilizing the undermentioned equation. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.017.png"/ The IMDCT operation flow begins by taking 18 input frequence lines and generates 36 polyphase filter subband samples. The samples so multiplied with with a 36-point window before passed into following decryption procedure. Windowing is the procedure of multiplying and overlapping add-on operation of IMDCT’s end product with the sine window coefficient. Based on the length of each window, four types of block is used ; they arestart,halt,shortandlong. The determination of block type is based on the analysis of the psychoacoustic theoretical account. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.018.png"/ Figure 2.5Types of window sequences in a subband However, bring forthing 36 samples from 18 input means that there are merely 18 samples are alone, therefore the IMDCT method uses a 50 % convergence. In this instance, the 36 end product samples is so divided into 2 groups, low group and high group, which has 18 samples each. The overlapping procedure is so carried out by adding values from the higher group, old frame with the lower group, matching frame. Then, the frequence inversion is so taken topographic point to accomplish right stage difference. This was done by multiplying every uneven subband with ( -1 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.019.png"/ Figure 2.6The IMDCT operation flow Synthesis Polyphase Filterbank This block is the last measure in decrypting procedure. It converts all 32 subbands to bring forth 32 Pulse Code Modulation ( PCM ) samples at a clip The filterbank exploits aliasing and windowing to travel the subbands back into their frequence sphere. This block is divided into two parts ; Modified Discrete Cosine Transform ( MDCT ) and windowing. Modified Discrete Cosine Transform Each clip frame of the subband samples are ordered so that the first 32 values are the first sub-sample from each subband, and so forth. The MDCT processes 32 values at a clip by utilizing the equation: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.020.png"/ whereimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.021.png"/ The end point end product values,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.022.png"is so stored in the barrel shifter. Windowing The windowing procedure tallies by multiplying the valuesimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.023.png"from the barrel shifter with the window map. This window map is specified in the ISO criterion. The PCM generated are so computed for each loop. The MDCT and windowing together run 18 times for each granule, bring forthing 576 PCM samples ( 27ms at 44.1kHz ) . Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction This chapter discusses the well planned attack taken during the project’s timeline to guarantee that the undertaking is good organized and run expeditiously. The methodological analysis is represented into a flow chart for easiness of apprehension. Ocular Representation of Research Methodology The designate work flow for the undertaking is shown below, in Figure 3.1. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.024.png"/ Figure 3.1The undertaking work flow The undertaking begins by researching any old plants related to the MP3 decryption and FPGA-based architecture execution. Besides that, several resources on hardware descriptive linguistic communication and package programming tutorial have besides looked at. The procedure involved in constructing the nucleus is studied and briefly elaborated to give excess cognition in order to carry through the research. The importance and intent of the undertaking is besides discussed in the first phase. The hardware used for proving and implementing the undertaking is Altera DE2 Educational Development Board. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.025.jpg"/ Figure 3.2The Altera DE2 board ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.terasic.com.tw/ ) Altera DE2 Board The Altera DE2 board provides everything needed to develop many advanced digital designs utilizing Altera Cyclone II device, with utilizing application package Altera Quartus II. This development board is the first measure to present and larn basic FPGA devices easy, since it is accessible in the lab. It is suited for a broad scope of exercisings in classs on digital logic and computing machine organisation, from simple undertakings that illustrate cardinal constructs to progress designs. Altera Quartus II img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.026.jpg"/ Figure 3.3The Quartus II work bench environment Altera Quartus II is a package tool produced by Altera for analysis and synthesis of HDL designs, which enables the user to roll up their designs, execute clocking analysis, analyze RTL diagrams, imitate a design ‘s reaction and configure the mark device with the coder. NIOS II img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0958919.027.jpg"/ Figure 3.4The NIOS II work bench environment Nios II is the most widely used soft processor in the FPGA industry. Nios II incorporates many sweetenings over the original predecessor, Nios architecture, doing it more suited for a wider scope of embedded computer science applications, from DSP to system-control. The development for Nios II consists of two separate stairss: hardware coevals, and package creative activity. 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Contribution Of Ethic Education To Ethical - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Contribution Of Ethic Education To Ethical. Answer: Introduction: Resuscitation, endotracheal intubation (ETI) is an important technique utilized for securing proper passage of airway under pre-hospital emergency settings (Eich et al. 2009). However, lack of regular practise of ETI hampers the competence of the medical nurse to carry-out the ETI process (Kim et al. 2014). Moreover, lack of proper exposure to the ETI process results in high rate of failure. ETI under paediatric set-up is a difficult skill to learn and execute. This is because the anatomy of the pulmonary airway of the children is different from those of the adults and standard adult Macintosh laryngoscope is not suitable for the children (Kim et al. 2014). For children Millers laryngoscope blade is commonly used and these also demands high-end skill. Moreover, through this direct laryngoscopy, it is impossible to visualise the glottis of the child. In order to overcome the limitations video or optical laryngoscopes can be used (Kim et al. 2014). This assignment is important because it aims to provide a detailed critique of a research paper that is based on the intubation under paediatric set-up. The required findings of the study will help in the refinement of the laryngoscope procedure undertaken before ETI for pulmonary airway management. The results will also help to reduce the risks or the chances of failure associated with the process of laryngoscopy among the children. Moreover, the study will help to project a laryngoscopy technique in such a way that it can be easily to conducted by a medical staff without facing much hassle or in-depth requirement of laryngoscope instruments handling skills. Search strategy The review of literature was conducted on the basis of the relevant, authentic and recently published articles. The articles were selected from the electronically from the databases like PubMed and Medline. The main keywords that are employed for the Boolean search of the research articles from the electronic databases include intubation AND laryngoscope, optical laryngoscope AND video laryngoscope, children OR child, paediatric, resuscitation, laryngoscope AND randomized control trial, laryngoscope AND miller laryngoscope, child AND cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Only studies, which are centred on the effect of laryngoscope over the human children during the last 15 years, were chosen for the study. According to the reports published by Parahoo et al. (2006) the selection of the keywords should be done in such a way that it highlights the topic of interest. The research articles which are chosen on the basis of the keyword search are scrutinized on the basis of their abstract in ord er to ascertain the relevancy of the topic discussed in the main body. The detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria, which considered while studying the abstracts, are discussed below. Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Studies based on paediatric set-up Studies carried on non-human primates Studies carried on cardiopulmonary resuscitation Studies carried on only human palliative resuscitation Trainee para-medicine health care professionals Experienced healthcare professionals The paper was selected for critical analysis because it compared four commonly used yet popular intubation devices namely McGrath, AirTraq, GlideScope and Miller under a stimulated scenario of paediatric cardiovascular resuscitation. This study thus can effectively be considered as a unique randomized control research in the field of paediatriclaparoscopy. Novel approach and comparative analysis undertaken in this research design further made it unique as no one before conducted this similar kind of study in this field. Moreover, this comparative study helped in the elucidation of the success rate, time requirement and the efficacy of optical or video laparoscope in comparison to the commonly used Millers laryngoscope blade. The results of the study will help in the refinement of the intubation under paediatric set-up. Moreover, the study also aims to decrease the rate of failure or fatal threats associated with laparoscopy before intubation in paediatric conditions thereby helping t o provide quality care to the children. Critique of research rigor The aim of the study undertaken by Szarpak et al. (2015) is to perform a comparative analysis in order to ascertain the efficacy of different available video laryngoscopes with Miller laryngoscope during the emergency intubation required atthe time of paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The aim of the study is clearly discussed as is extremely relevant in present day scenario. According to Eichet al. (2009), paediatric intubation is a complex skill to learn and demands continuous exposure to the said practise in order to maintain the competence. Leone, Rich and Finer (2005)further opined that lack of practise or exposure results in high rate of failure and this failure rate is independent of the professional background of the intubator. Moreover, paediatric intubation done via using traditional process, Miller's laryngoscope blade, does not enable the intubator to view the glottis of the child clearly (Menges and Crown 2005). On the other hand advanced video laryngoscopes enabl e complete visual coverage of the glottis and thereby aiding to avoid the associated complications of intubation (Kim et al. 2014) Thus the aim of the study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) will help to evaluate the efficacy of two techniques underthe parameter of ease of access and efficacy and the subsequent results will help to generate a refined approach for paediatric intubation during cardiovascular resuscitation. The title of the study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) says, Comparison of intubation through the McGrath MAC, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller laryngoscope by paramedics during child CPR: a randomized crossover manikin trial. Thus the study title of Szarpak et al. (2015) succinctly describes the purpose of the study, methodology undertaken to conduct the study and the chosen group over which the study was designed to be conducted. This kind of formulation of the title by Szarpak et al. (2015) goes in accordance with the concept of research paper published by Parahoo et al. (2006). According to Parahoo et al. (2006), the title of the study must be designed in such a way that it at once gives the important highlights of the study to the readers. An ideal study title must clearly highlights the target group of the study, the aim of the study and the methodological approach (Parahoo et al. 2006). Apart from the study title, the abstract framed by Szarpak et al. (2015) also provide the readers a rough overview of the entire study without any miss of the crucial points. Szarpak et al. (2015) divided the abstract in to four parts including background, methods, results and conclusion. Each part of the abstract is written in a consisted manner, however, not missing any important detail of the study. The framing of the abstract further satisfies the concept opined by Parahoo et al. (2006) in the domain of abstract writing. Determination of the sample size is a crucial part of any research study because sample size helps in determining the significance of the statistical analysis (Suresh and Chandrashekara 2012). The participants of the randomized crossover trial conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) included the resuscitation trainees of the International Institute of Rescue Research and Education (Warsaw, Poland) who have no known prior experience in the process of paediatric intubation with video laryngoscopes but have previous exposure ro conventional Miller laryngoscope. Szarpak et al. (2015) included total of 102 paramedic trainees.Parahoo et al. (2006) is of the opinion that it is the duty of the researcher to clearly state that number and the nature of the focus group or the sample that has been selected for the study. According to Parahoo et al. it helps in the refinement of the external accuracy of the experiment while retaining the universality of the study. Szarpak et al. (2015) have also docum ented the age, gender, level of education and experience under workplace settings of each of the participants of the focus group separately and have represented the process of sample recruitment via a flow-chart based on CONSORT statement. According to Ross (2012) differential classification of the focus group or the respondents on the basis of their gender and age further helps in the refinement of the data analysis and the obtained results and this in turn help to increase the quality of the study. According to research report published by Parahoo et al. (2006), blinding is acrucial part of randomizedcontrol trial. It is undertaken in order to prevent unconscious and conscious bias. LoBindo-Wood and Haber (2014) further stated that selection of randomization as the main process for conducting a research study is beneficial because randomization helps in the reducing the selection and the confounding bias such that the participants of the study become the true representatives of the selected group of population. Study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) selected the candidates for the focus group under strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. This helped to reduce the outcome reporting bias arising out of incomplete reporting while ensuring both representativeness and homogeneity of the sample (Greenhalgh 2014). Selected participants of the study conducted by Szarpak et al. (2015) who have prior experience with Miller laryngoscope were given 45-minute training on anatomy of the p aediatric respiratory system and techniques employed in video laryngoscopes. After training with each device of the video laryngoscopes, participants were allowed to take a 20-minute rest followed by intubation test. In order to avoid observation based learning effect, participants were not allowed to view each other during the time of the test.According to Greenhalgh (2014), this approach furnishes two different meaning of ascertaining the outcomes that arecapable of reducing the chance of bias while increasing the accuracy of the findings.The demographic of the participants were kept identical in terms of experience and this gain helps in the improvement of the overall accuracy of the outcomes (Parahoo 2006). Ross (2012) further opined that accuracy and dependability of tests could be increased via proper handling of the participating individuals in an identical manner. This helps in decreasing the influence of confounding variables. However, Szarpak et al. (2015) did not mentione d that whether the participants were completely blinded about the aim of the study while they are asked to filled a questionnaire about their experience while taking the test. According to Greenhalgh (2014), blinding of the participants of the focus group help in the reducing the bias effect of the study. The exclusion-inclusion criteria of prospective focus group selection were clearly stated in the study. The study here excluded women who are suffering from diabetes, preeclampsia, obesity, hypertension and multiple pregnancies. According to Ross (2012), the criteria of inclusion and exclusion must be stated clearly. Greenhalgh (2014) further opined that determination of these guidelines helps to increase the accuracy of the study. The study of Szarpak et al. (2015) observed proper ethical regulations that are required to carry out randomize control study (Thompson et al. 2006). Szarpak et al. (2015) haveincluded the participants of the study only after taking a written consent from all the 102 participants. Required approval from the concerned authority was taken over the randomised crossover trail design of the study before initiation. The aim of the research satisfies the ethical principal of non- malfeasance which states that the healthcare professionals must not provide ineffective treatment that has chances to harm the patients (Parahoo 2006). Szarpak et al. (2015) used R statistical package for Windows and the obtained results were represented via mean standard deviation or absolute percentage or numbers. Wilcoxon signed rank test was again used to verify the results. McNemar test was employed to analyse the possible difference in the success rate of the study and multivariate regression analysis models were employed to analyse the impact of age, sex, work-experience and education level over the efficacy of the blind intubation. P value of less than 0.5 was considered to be statistically significant.Ross (2012) stated that use of more than one statistical tests is helpful to comparison the results in order to evaluate the significance. According to Parahoo (2006), it is the duty of the researcher to discuss the limitations of their own study. Szarpak et al. (2015) highlighted Manikin approach as the main limitations of their study this is because Manikin studies can never fully substitute the studies carried over the human models. Moreover Szarpak et al. (2015) stated that the intubation devices used have not been compared under the situation of randomized, crossover and controlled trial. Study Findings and Physiological Implications of the Study The results of the statistical analysisperformed by Szarpak et al. (2015) showed that the success rate of the endotracheal intubation (ETI) video laryngoscopes was higher than direct laryngoscope done via using Miller Laryngoscope. The statistical significance of AirTraq, GlideScope and McGrath in comparison to Miller Laryngoscope include P The guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council (2010) emphasizes the delivery of continuous compression of chest within a few interruptions as possible encompassing frequent break for airway management efforts. An airway management effort is considered to be an essential factor in both pre-hospital and in-hospital paediatric intubation. However, intubation is a technically challenging skill to learn and demands continuous exposure to the process in order to prevent the deterioration of the skill Hubble et al. (2010). Here lies the main physiological implication of the study as it helps in the elucidation of a new yet innovative technique for paediatric intubation. Video (McGraph or GlideScope) or optical laryngoscopes (AirTraq) is easy to operate under paediatric set-upand does not demands regular practise to prevent skill deterioration and is quick to execute (Szarpak et al. 2015).According to Manica et al. (2013) prolong length of the intubation done via the use of the tradit ional laryngoscopes results in the development of the laryngeal lesions along with the increase in the incidence of subglottic stenosis. Thus application of the video or optical laryngoscopes will help to reduce the chance of developing paediatric complications during intubation. Moreover, according to Fiadjoe et al. (2016), direct yet prolong laryngoscope procedures in paediatric set-up is associated with numerous complication and thus proper assessment of the larynx via video laryngoscope and then triggering the intubation will help to avoid complications under paediatric set-up. According to European Resuscitation Council (2010), team of nurse who are under the resuscitation team should be concerned in ensuring the safety of the patient. The ground of patient safety and subsequent comfort falls under the principal duty of the nurse operating the patient. According to Hazinski (2012), it is the duty of the nurse to assure the comfort and the safety of a child during any form of treatment as children are unable to express their sense of discomfort clearly. Hence forming intubation via video or optical laryngoscope will help to reduce the discomfort of the children. Moreover, according to the reports published by Szarpak et al. 2015, video laryngoscope is fact and accurate technique and thereby further helping to reduce the children level of discomfort. The use of the optical or video laryngoscope goes in favour of the ethical principle of beneficence and non-malfeasance (Cannaerts, Gastmans and Casterl 2014). According to the ethical principle of beneficence, it is the duty of the healthcare professionals to provide maximum benefits to their clients and thereby contributing health and well-being (Cannaerts, Gastmans and Casterl 2014). The reports published by Szarpak et al. 2015 revealed that video or optical laryngoscopic technique is more superior to the Millers laryngoscope blade as it is fast and helps in the proper view of the glottis and hence reducing the complications of intubation and thus providing comfort and benefit to the child. The use of optical or video laryngoscope technique also goes in accordance to the ethical principle of non-malfeasance, which promotes obligations towards intentional harm (Cannaerts, Gastmans and Casterl 2014). Conclusion Thus from the above critical analysis of the research paper published by Szarpak et al. 2015 it can be concluded that optical or video laparoscopy is one of the best suited methodsduring the emergency situation in hospitals. It can be considered as a safe and alternative for other conventional method used for paediatric endotracheal intubation (ETI). Thestudy further stated McGrath, GlideScope, and AirTraq intubation devices are fast, safe, and easy to use. The use of the optical or video laryngoscope technique does not cast any intentional harm to the child on contrary it helps to undertake refinement of the intubation technique, reducing the childs harm from the long-term therapy. Thus the study eliminates the requirement of expertise skills and regular practise of laryngoscopy by the medical staffs in order to avoid unsuccessful cases of ETI. Moreover, different laryngoscope approach is required for children because of the different anatomical of the childrens throat in comparison to that of the adults. Millers laryngoscope fails to view the glottis of the children clearly. The use of video laryngoscope will promote clear view of the glottis of the child and thus eradicating the complications arising out of prolong intubation. Within the stated limitations of a randomized manikin study, this researchproposes that inexperienced healthcare professionals might earn certain benefit from using video laryngoscope devices during emergency airway management of a child. However, it must be taken into consideration that endotracheal intubation (ETI) must be preferably done under the controlled supervision of the experienced physicians and paramedics. The study is unique in the domain of paediatric intubation and proposed advancement in this domain. The study scores high in the grounds of title formation, compact abstract framework, selection and elaboration of sampling methods, statistical analysis and elimination of the confounding bias. However, study could not high light that whether the participants were aware about the aim of the study as this may also impose a bias effect on the end results. References Cannaerts, N., Gastmans, C. and Casterl, B.D.D., 2014. A contribution of ethics education to the ethical competence of nursing students: educators and students perceptions.Nursing ethics,21(8), pp.861-878. Eich, C., Roessler, M., Nemeth, M., Russo, S.G., Heuer, J.F. and Timmermann, A., 2009. Characteristics and outcome of prehospital paediatric tracheal intubation attended by anaesthesia-trained emergency physicians.Resuscitation,80(12), pp.1371-1377. Fiadjoe, J.E., Nishisaki, A., Jagannathan, N., Hunyady, A.I., Greenberg, R.S., Reynolds, P.I., Matuszczak, M.E., Rehman, M.A., Polaner, D.M., Szmuk, P. and Nadkarni, V.M., 2016. Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis.The Lancet Respiratory Medicine,4(1), pp.37-48. Greenhalgh, T., 2014.How to read a paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine. John Wiley Sons. Hazinski, M.F., 2012. Nursing Care of the Critically Ill Child-E-Book.Elsevier Health Sciences. Hubble, M.W., Brown, L., Wilfong, D.A., Hertelendy, A., Benner, R.W. and Richards, M.E., 2010. A meta-analysis of prehospital airway control techniques part I: orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation success rates.Prehospital Emergency Care,14(3), pp.377-401. Kim, Y., Kim, J.E., Jeong, D.H. and Lee, J., 2014. Combined use of a McGrath MAC video laryngoscope and Frova Intubating Introducer in a patient with Pierre Robin syndrome: a case report.Korean journal of anesthesiology,66(4), pp.310-313. Langford, R. and Young, A., 2013. Predicting NCLEX-RN success with the HESI Exit Exam: Eighth validity study.Journal of Professional Nursing,29(2), pp.S5-S9. Leone, T.A., Rich, W. and Finer, N.N., 2005. Neonatal intubation: success of pediatric trainees.The Journal of pediatrics,146(5), pp.638-641. LoBiondo-Wood, G. and Haber, J., 2014.Reliability and validity.Nursing research-ebook: Methods and critical appraisal for evidencebased practice. Missouri: Elsevier Mosby, pp.289-309. Manica, D., Schweiger, C., Marstica, P.J.C., Kuhl, G. and Carvalho, P.R.A., 2013. Association between length of intubation and subglottic stenosis in children.The Laryngoscope,123(4), pp.1049-1054. MengesJr, J.E. and Crown, L.A., 2005. Doctor, which type of blade do you want to use now? A Brief History and Review of Direct Laryngoscope and Laryngoscope Blades.Am J Clin Med,2(2). Parahoo, K. 2006. Nursing research : principles, process and issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan Ross, T., 2012.A survival guide for health research methods.McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Suresh, K.P. and Chandrashekara, S., 2012. Sample size estimation and power analysis for clinical research studies.Journal of human reproductive sciences,5(1), p.7. Szarpak, L., Karczewska, K., Evrin, T., Kurowski, A. and Czyzewski, L., 2015. Comparison of intubation through the McGrath MAC, GlideScope, AirTraq, and Miller laryngoscope by paramedics during child CPR: a randomized crossover manikin trial.The American journal of emergency medicine,33(7), pp.946-950. Thompson, I. E. et al. 2006. Nursing Ethics. 5th ed. Edinburgh ; New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Tobias, J.D., 2015. Pediatric airway anatomy may not be what we thought: implications for clinical practice and the use of cuffed endotracheal tubes.PediatricAnesthesia,25(1), pp.9-19. White, M.C., Marsh, C.J., Beringer, R.M., Nolan, J.A., Choi, A.Y.S., Medlock, K.E. and Mason, D.G., 2012. A randomised, controlled trial comparing the Airtraq optical laryngoscope with conventional laryngoscope in infants and children.Anaesthesia,67(3), pp.226-231.

We the People Essay Example

We the People Essay Unit 1 Speech 2: What are the fundamental characteristics of a constitutional government? Â ·In what ways does constitutional government mean limited government? Â ·Describe at least three provisions of the Constitution that provide a means of preventing the abuse or misuse of government power. Explain how these provisions work in our system of government today. The fundamental characteristics of a constitutional government contain of a written document which establishes the rules, rights, and principles of the government. These characteristics are the establishment of individual rights, federalism, higher law, separation of powers, and checks and balances. The establishment of all these rules, rights, and principles are all an important feature towards the constitutional government because they all make up the Constitution. They are all very important when it comes to making up the Constitution and the government. A constitutional government is a limited government through separation of powers and checks and balances. Separating powers is a primary strategy of promoting constitutional or limited government by ensuring that no one individual branch has excessive power that can be abused, it consists of three branches, legislative, judicial, and executive branch. These branches were put forth so that no one branch has more power than the other, thus, checks and balances. Federalism is the power shared between the states and the national government. This limits the government by sharing its powers amongst the states so it would not be a tyrannical government. We will write a custom essay sample on We the People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on We the People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on We the People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One provision of the Constitution that provides a means of preventing the abuse or misuse of governmental power is checks and balances. Checks and balances give a limit on each branch and its powers by dividing the legislative branch into a bicameral legislature which consists of a Senate and a House of Representatives, the executive branch which the president appoints justices of the Supreme Court and they have to be approved by the U. S Senate, and the judicial branch has no power to make laws only find them or unconstitutional. An example of checks and balances is the two-third vote of Congress to approve a bill that the president has vetoed. Another provision of the Constitution that provides a means of preventing the abuse or misuse of governmental power is higher law which is to be obeyed by the government in the U. S. Constitution. The higher laws were established to protect individual rights. The government cannot use any of its power to take these rights away from any person without due process of law or in times of war. The last but not least provision that prevents the misuse or abuse of governmental power is the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was put into our Constitution to help each person receive the rights they deserve, and to limit the government’s power in order to secure people’s rights. The Constitution is the highest law in the United States, higher law is used in our government today in every aspect because we live based on the Constitution. Checks and balances is used in our system of government today because they still limit each branch and give them certain powers. The executive branch still can veto bills from the legislature, and the judicial branch still may declare a law constitutional and unconstitutional. The Bill of Rights will always be used in the life of Americans. It is used today by giving U. S. citizens the rights they should receive and limits the governments powers on their rights. We still have these rights today, and in which the government cannot take away without due process of law. Many of these rights are used today to help the citizens better their lives and for them to help better our country. The Constitution consists of many fundamental characteristics which make a constitutional government. The characteristics of such fundaments are higher laws that limits the government. The Constitution is very important for each and everyone. The law provides order and security of one’s rights. Nevertheless, the United States Constitution is made up of laws, rights, and a government. We all must abide by these laws and appreciate the rights we are given through out Constitution.

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buy custom Bedford City essay Bedford City is located in the East of England and is the county Town of Bedfordshire. Estimates from the Bedfordshire County Council indicated that the won had a total population of 80,000 inhabitants. Bedford City is the 71st largest urban city in the United Kingdom. Given such Statistics, the establishment of a sports Centre like the Kangaroo Sports Centre is bound to succeed in the city. The Kangaroo Sports Centre will, therefore, be located in the heart of Bedford City to provide various sports activities for residents and other people from outside the city. Executive Summary The Kangaroo Sports Centre will be one of the most sophisticated of its kind in the whole of Bedford City. The Sports Centre will be situated along the Boulder Highway in order to enable as many people as possible to access it. In the whole of Bedford City, there is no sports facility like the one that is to be established (Kangaroo Sports Centre). This business plan, therefore, aims at defining the wider scope of services to be offered together with the ways of acquiring the relevant investments, which will make the facility to become operational. The business plan will also be used as an evaluation of the Kangaroo Sports Centres goals, mission and objectives. The keys to success for Kangaroo Sports Centre will be based on its ability of marketing itself effectively through the creation of a conducive atmosphere for the provision of various sports activities like, for instance, football, netball, basketball, bodybuilding and swimming among others. The Fitness and Sports club industry has been known to post booming businesses. Records indicate that over 10 billion pounds were produced from sports activities last year, and this trend is projected to increase with time. The Kangaroo Sports Centre has consecutively projected an increase in its net profit during the first year of its operation. The profit is bound to a significant increase by the end of the third year also. 1.1 Business Objectives The major objectives of the Sports Centre will include among others: Selling of approximately 1000 memberships in the first year, 1500 in the third year and 2500 memberships by the end of the third year. Sponsoring of supporting of at least five community based sports events during the first year of the business operation. Showing to investors at least a 5 per cent return during the first year of the sports centres operation. Development and organization of various sports events, and leagues and effectively market them with a view of filling them to full capacity. 1.2 The Mission Of The Sports Centre The Kangaroo Sports Centre will be a multi-sport fitness complex that will be designed to be used by the residents of Bedford City and its surrounding areas. The mission of the sports centre will be to provide the best staff, programs and equipment aimed at meeting the various fitness and sport needs of its members while generating maximum profits for investors and the owners as well. The Kangaroo Sports Centre will be determined at creating one of the best unmatched sporting environments, which will add to the enjoyment of both employees and members of the facility. The Kangaroo Sports Centre will be determined to being dedicated to the community by striving to sponsor and support various community events as well as hosting them whenever it is possible. It is the hope of Kangaroo Sports Centre that through the use of the facility, there will be an enhancement of the members appreciation and enjoyment for fitness and sports (Henkel, et al, 2006). 1.3 Keys To Kangaroo Centres Success The keys to success for Kangaroo Sports Centre will be: Marketing: All efforts should be made to make Kangaroo Sports Centre a common name in the whole of Bedford City and creatively market its services to each of the relevant market segments. Qualified Management and Staff/Knowledgeable: Through providing users of the Kangaroo Sports Centre with qualified and knowledgeable employees who show genuine concern for the people and patrons as well, clients will feel confident and comfortable that the Centre is capable of meeting all of their needs. Atmosphere of facility: Through the creation of an unmatched environment at the Kangaroo Sports Centre through the use of first class floors, balls, equipment, wide screen TVs, clients will always want to attend it frequently, and the ability of retaining such clients will enhance. 2. Company Summary The Kangaroo Sports Centre will be a new multi-sport complex, which will aim at providing both casual users and members with an opportunity of participating in various sports like volleyball, football, swimming, basketball and leisure activities and programs. 2.1 The Kangaroo Sports Centre Ownership The Kangaroo Sports Centre will be a Limited Partnership Corporation, which will be owned privately. Bader Al and Linda Jones will each own 26% of the Companys share, while other 12 limited partners will own 4% each. 2.2 Start-Up Summary The sports centres requirements total to 2 500,000 pounds. These costs include the costs for land, building, start-up capital, equipment and all developmental costs. 3. Services The Kangaroo Sports Centre will provide its users with various services. Being a first class lifestyle and fitness centre, it will aim at providing quality services. The sports facility will also be able to accommodate other sports. It will also have a beverage/food and lounge areas. Apart from that, the sports centre will also have a massage clinic and various rooms for amenities like a childcare centre, a conference room and full service locker rooms. The centre will also provide its users with knowledgeable and qualified stuff in order to ensure that all of their fitness and sports needs are satisfied. 3.1 Weights and Fitness The Kangaroo Centre will house a large relax and fitness complexes that will either match or exceed any other sports facility in Bedford City. This sports centre will also include top of the line equipment, aerobic machines, weight machines etc. The majority of the Kangaroo Sports Centre will be housed on the upper level of the buildings complex, which will surround basketball and volleyball courts. This will make it possible for users to have an option of watching various sports activities. The aspect of this facility will be operated by a certified Conditioning and strength specialist or expert (CSCS) who will train and hire the relevant staff to meet the members demands and needs. Such an individual will work and report directly to the General Managers of the Kangaroo Sports Centre and the duties of such an individual will include among others; offering of personalized training for its members, general supervision, program development for clinics and camps and helping in the promotion and marketing aspects of the sports facility. 3.2 The Courts Full size volleyball and basketball courts will be the major premises of the main floor of Kangaroo Sports Centre. Along with these two major sports, the floor will also be capable of accommodating indoor soccer or football, dance, gymnastics, indoor field hockey, badminton, touch football, Netball and more. The courts, which will be hardwood, will be manufactured and installed by the UK Sports Surfaces company that is the industry leader. Through the addition of world class portable systems of basketball, the Kangaroo Sports Centre will come to be quickly known as the best place for camps, leagues and pick-up games. With his vast experience and educational background in sports, the scheduling of activities and events on these floors will be the work of Bader Al, one of the General Managers of Kangaroo Sports Centre. The development of camps, sports leagues and clinics together with other different every-day operations of the sports facility will also be the responsibilities of Bader Al. 3.3 Food Services The Courts upper level will have a beverage and food areas where users of the sports facility will replenish their bodies upon getting tired. This area will, therefore, be placed on the upper level to make it possible for users to have a birds view of what is occurring on the courts, and, at the same time, enjoy their favourite meals, snacks and beverages. Also, several wide screen TVS will be placed in there to broadcast sports news, sporting events or relevant programs that users may wish to watch. In order to create the desired environment, which Kangaroo Sports Centre hopes to create, this aspect of the facility will be given more consideration. A qualified and experienced individual will be hired to operate this aspect of the Centre. Such an individual will be tasked with meeting the relevant standards, report and work directly with the General Managers of Kangaroo Courts to ensure that the needs of the users are met in this aspect. In case there is a need for additional staff, such an individual will train and hire such people according to the policies of Kangaroo Sports Centre. 3.4 Massage Therapy An area specifically for the massage therapy clinic will be established on the major floor. The massage therapy service will be availed to both members and the general public at a cost, which will be reflective of standards in the market. The provision of such an amenity will be a bonus that will be added to users of the Kangaroo Sports Centre since it will be located conveniently inside the complex. 3.5 Other Services Other services and features offered by the Kangaroo Sports Centre will include: An administrative area that will house a conference room and various offices that will be located on the main floor of the Sports facility. A full service locker rooms for both women and men, which will accommodate 12 lockers. A pro shop will be established strategically near the Kangaroo Sports Centres Court in order to attract impulse buyers. A large childcare room with a large play area will be established and monitored by the Centres childcare staff. This will provide an interesting and fun environment for children at a minimal price. 4. Market Analysis Summary Kangaroo Sports Centre will become the only multi-sports complex of its kind in Bedford City. Some of the centres aspects will mainly cater for the residents of Bedford City while other aspects will cater for the needs of other peple. Due to the diversity in the programs, the market segments will be different for dedicated athletes and for individuals wanting a few hours of recreation and fun. It is projected that the membership of the sports centre will rise from 2.7 million dollars during the first year to 3.6 million dollars in the second year. Frequent users of the sports facility will soar by 50 per cent during the same period. Surveys conducted indicated that there were only 8 most profitable sports facilities in the whole Bedford City and Kangaroo Sports Centre will become the most profitable of all. 4.0 Market Segmentation Weekend Warriors.The weekend warriors will form a vital market segment for Kangaroo Sports Centre. Such groups of people and others as well will become a target market for the Centres activity and special promotions since they dont want to become locked in long term commitments. Gym Rats.These are people who love being in a gym. Gym rats, apart from being associated with basketball, also seek to look for places to practice, play or hang out at a reasonable price. Gym rats are fond of places where the atmosphere is serene, and there are more people to watch what they do; Kangaroo Sports Centre provides exactly that. Fitness Buffs. These are people viewing themselves as being dedicated fitness gurus. Such people are usually particular regarding the equipment they use for workout and enjoy being looked at by other users of Kangaroo Sports Centre. Such people will be willing to become locked in long term commitments with the Kangaroo Sports facility. Families.Families will become a vital market segment of the Kangaroo Sports facility. The centre has something for everyone, and, thus, this will attract many families who wish to be members of the sports facility and families who want few hours of fun. Senior Citizens. Since most citizens of Bedford City are retired, this market segment will become the fastest growing market for Kangaroo Sports Centre. Senior citizens of Bedford city will be willing to participate in various sports activities because of the constant encouragement from physicians and the family. Such kind of clients will become the major focus of Kangaroo Sports Centre. Tourists and Business Travellers.This will form a small market segment for the Kangaroo Sports Centre who will be attracted to the facility because of its appearance and size. 4.1 Target Market Because of the convenient location and size of the Kangaroo Sports facility, many people will become attracted to it in order to see what is offered. The business will not, however, just become contented and wait for customers; instead, it will focus its strategies on market segments that match its offerings. The major objective of Kangaroo Sports facility will be to do early marketing strategies in order to get new people engaged. Once individuals see what the sports centre has to offer and get a feeling of the atmosphere that has been created, they will wish to return with a view of participating in various programs and activities available to them. In order to get people into Kangaroo Sports Centre facility, the following will be done: Carry out large promotional events in order to open the facility to anyone. Offering tours to senior and junior high schools during the early building stages and completion of the Kangaroo Sports Facility. Mailing of free day passes to all places surrounding Kangaroo Sports Centre. Supporting and hosting various events in the community that will aim at attracting many people. Print media and radio will be used after the opening of the Kangaroo Sports Centre to promote the programs and the facility to attract new individuals from all over the Bedford City. 4.2 Market Analysis The Sports and Fitness business has been recognized as a booming industry earning close to $10.6 billion annually. Due to this fact, sports centres have started popping up in most places including grocery stores and airports. The scope and size of these clubs differ from small, individual owned to public elaborate owned franchises. 4.2.1 Competition and Patterns of Buying Hotspurs and Totenking Sports clubs will be competitors for Kangaroo Sports Club. Various forms of membership are available at these clubs. Some of them are long term commitments, while others require a minimum commitment of at least 2 full months. Under normal circumstances, sports members will make a comparison of the different sports facilities and find one which has got the specific needs or amenities that they want. Value is normally a priority to them, and, thus, Kangaroo Sports Facility will ensure that this is achieved. 5. Strategy and Implementation Summary The Kangaroo Sports Centre will have a very large potential market in Bedford City. Due to the small number of decent fitness and recreation facilities in the city, it is certain that the Sports facility (Kangaroo) will become the number one fitness and sports complex in the area. This will be achieved through continuously and actively promoting Kangaroo Centre through media and radio advertisements as well as by supporting and hosting various events in the community. 5.1 Competitive Edge Kangaroo Sports Centre has a competitive advantage over its potential customers in two areas. One lies in the fact that the facility has a multi-sports complex which offers the full size basketball and volleyball courts, which are available to both members and the community for rent or use. In addition, the variation and scope of the programs, which will be run by the facility are unmatched as compared to any other sports facilities in Bedford City. Another competitive advantage that the Kangaroo Sports Centre will have is its size, location and appearance, which will make many people attracted. 5.2 Sales Strategy The Sales of the sports centre will be based on the amenities and services provided. There should be something for everyone in the sports facility, and users should be able to get the best value for their money. Any individual wishing to have membership at the Kangaroo Sports Centre will sit down with the companys representative who will inform him or her of all available options in membership. Such an individual will also be informed of all the programs, services and amenities offered by the Kangaroo Sports Centre. It will also be vital to establish a relationship between the sports centre and the members since the attitude of members is a crucial aspect of the business. 5.3 Sales Forecast A rundown on the possible forecasted sales for Kangaroo Courts sources of revenue will be tabled. This will include the total monthly sales for the fourth, eighth and twelfth month and per year sales for a 3 year period. All amounts are in Pounds Unit sales Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Membership fees 780 1000 1200 Walk in fees 10800 10800 11340 Camps, programs and clinics 720 720 1500 Court rentals 720 720 756 Leagues 2304 2048 2150 Personal training 1080 1134 1191 Pro-shop 12 1 1 Food and beverages 12 1 1 Massage therapy clinic 1050 1080 1134 Others 4 0 0 Total Unit Sales 17482 17504 19273 Unit Prices Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Membership fees 647.00 679.35 679.35 Walk in fees 4.50 4.75 5.00 Camps, clinics and programs 25.00 75.00 78.75 Court rentals 40.00 42.00 44.10 Leagues 65 68.25 71.65 Personal training 15 16.00 17.00 Pro shop 1500 18900.00 19845.00 Food and beverages 2500 31500.00 33075.00 Massage Therapy clinic 5 5.25 5.50 Others 4000 4200.00 4350.00 Sales Membership fees 504660 679350 815220 Walk in fees 48600 51300 56700 Camps, clinics and programs 18000 54000 118125 Court rentals 28800 30240 33340 Leagues 149760 139776 154048 Personal training 16200 18144 20247 Pro shop 18000 18900 19845 Food and beverages 30000 31500 33075 Massage therapy clinic 5250 5670 6237 Outside 16000 0 0 Total sales 835270 1,028,880 1256836 Membership fee Year 1 Year 2 Walk in fees 0 0 0 Camps, clinics and programs. 0 0 0 Court rentals 0 0 0 Leagues 0 0 0 Personal training 0 0 0 Pro shop 0 0 0 Food and beverages 0 0 0 Massage therapy clinic 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 Direct cost of sales Membership fees 0 0 0 Walk in fees 0 0 0 Camps, clinics and programs. 0 0 0 Court rentals 0 0 0 Leagues 0 0 0 Personal training 0 0 0 Pro shop 0 0 0 Food and beverages 0 0 0 Massage therapy clinic 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 Sub-total direct sale of cost 0 0 0 6. Management Summary The initial management team of Kangaroo Sports Centre will mainly depend on the General Managers who will stay in the premises in order to manage the facilitys day to day operations owing to their expertise like promotions, marketing, scheduling together with the development and running of various programs and leagues for the community. General partners who will include other staff members will provide backup for top management personnel. 6.1 Personnel Plan The following table shows a detailed list of the Kangaroo Sports Centre facility YEAR 1 (IN POUNDS) YEAR 2 (IN POUNDS) YEAR 3 (IN POUNDS) General Manager 1 60000 63000 66150 General Manager 2 60000 63000 66150 Fitness Manager 36000 37800 39690 Food Service manager 30000 31500 33075 Book Manager 21600 22680 23814 General Staff (100) 38300 145215 152476 Janitor 15000 15750 16538 Other exp 0 59900 118800 Total people 13 16 19 Total Payroll 360900 438845 516692 7. Financial Plan It is assumed that the start up capital for Kangaroo Sports Centre will be $ 337,500 while a bank loam (long term-20 years) of $ 1, 251,00. The remaining financing will be contributed by investors. 7.1 Important Business Assumptions The financial plan will depend on vital business assumptions, and it is recognized that at the begining, collection days are vital. Tax rates, interest rates and personnel burden will be based on conservative assumptions. It is assumed that there will be a strong economy with no major recession. It is also assumed that the rate of growth for fitness and sports club membership is bound to continue. Conclusion The full implementations of all the recommendations made in this business plan will ensure that the Kangaroo Sports Centre realizes maximum profits out of this business venture. It will also attract other potential clients from outside the country and thus helping the nation to earn foreign currency. Buy custom Bedford City essay

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

See below - Essay Example Such teams help individual members of the team better understand the project goals, and the team becomes capable of solving very challenging and complex problems that are well beyond the capability of the best employee working alone (Katzenbach and Smith 1994). The manager has to be ready to contribute to team-based activities in important ways and to feel free to voice their views without fear of creating unmanageable conflict. The main elements of management style involve high performance communication, time and performance management, good conflict resolution skills and situational decision-making. A high-performance team needs a situational leader able to respond effectively to changing conditions and conflict situations. The leader should have excellent communication skills and cultural knowledge. This systems view suggests that leaders can and do change high performance teams by mutually reinforcing and amplifying stimuli within their systems. Directing and coaching, supporting and delegating should be the core of diversity management and team building. The challenge for the leader is to be a source of comfort for high performance team members. Working with people from different social classes and racial groups, the leader should be perceptible and flexible, permissive and strong (Zweifel, 2003). His personal qualities and behavior should motivate employees to follow established rules and procedures, maintain mutual understanding and

VolksWagen Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

VolksWagen - Term Paper Example Volkswagen operates in more than 100 countries including Argentina, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, UAE, UK and USA (Volkswagen, 2013a). It has 43 plants worldwide that produce Volkswagen cars and/or components. It exports its models and sells through regional offices in countries where it does not produce. Value Chain Framework of Volkswagen Figure: Value Chain model by Michael Porter. Source: Institute for Manufacturing, n.d. Inbound Logistics. Volkswagen has developed an extensive network of local suppliers in all the countries where it operates manufacturing plants. It has its focus firmly on achieving cost efficiency, reducing time to market, regional economies of scale and flexibility in production (Volkswagen AG, 2010). Operations. Volkswagen has 43 plants worldwide that manufacture cars and/or components, as shown below. Figure: Volkswagen worldwide plants. Source: Volkswagen AG, 2013c ; Volkswagen AG, 20 13d. Outbound Logistics. The outbound logistics is handled by Volkswagen Logistics that ensures timely delivery of Volkswagen cars from the factories to the dealers. It is also responsible for international flow of all its models from all its plants by land, sea and air to all its regions. It manages 5 million vehicles per year (Ludwig, 2012). Marketing and Sales. The three key USPs on which it aims to differentiate its cars from competitors are being innovative, responsible and delivering long-lasting value. It has marketed its products as reliable, high-quality and German-engineered. It has a worldwide extensive dealer’s network that is well-integrated with a centralised department that ensures transparency in sales (Volkswagen AG, 2013e). Services. Volkswagen offers an integrated services environment by means of a global chain of after-sales service outlets, along with an active Customer Relationship Management (CRM) function that gathers market trends and implements chang es to its products and a financial service (Volkswagen Financial Service) that assists buyers opt for its products (Volkswagen AG, 2010). Procurement and Infrastructure. Volkswagen has partnered with several direct suppliers who in turn have partnered with subcontractors. It has also implemented several programs aimed at standardising quality, consistent delivery and cost-effectiveness of materials that it buys from its suppliers. (Volkswagen AG, 2013f). Human Resource and Technology. Volkswagen Group employs 549,763 talented people around the world as of 31 December, 2012. It supports the advancement of women and 15.2% of its workforce comprises of females. It also has in place a performance-rewarding mechanism that recognises excellence of employees. It engages its employees in formulation of strategies through opinion surveys that collect opinions, suggestions and feedbacks (Volkswagen AG, 2013g). Volkswagen has also taken initiatives to be more environment-friendly by reducing e nergy-consumption of its servers and air conditioners through modern technology and reducing the use of paper. It has also introduced digital factory models that reduce wastage in building an actual factory and a â€Å"Quicar† online program that encourages customers to share energy-efficient cars (Volkswagen AG, 2013h). Question 2: Where do its revenue / profits come from? Volkswagen’

How writing has influenced my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How writing has influenced my life - Essay Example When I engage in writing frequently either for academic or leisure reasons, I am always amazed at how better and quickly my writing, reading, and verbal communication skills have improved. I have realized that when one engages in writing, it becomes easier for him or her to share experiences, make him or herself understood, and to describe feelings. Secondly, writing makes me a better and critical thinker. Since writing involves efforts to create content that is clear and succinct, as well as revealing new ways of looking at common things, it has helped me to become a better and critical thinker. It has improved how I think about certain things and how I perceive other people’s views and perspectives. I now think of social, political, and economic issues much differently due to my writing. In addition, writing has made me a better listener; when I engage in conversations, listen to interviews and watch people speak, I listen with a writer’s ear. Before starting being a writer, I was a relatively poor listener and I did not pay attention to details. However, that has changed since I became a writer as I have become a better listener who pays attention to details and often find my head filling up with ideas as other people speak or while engaging in a conversation. Related to the benefit of becoming a better listener, is the benefit of becoming a better speaker. Writing on various topics has helped me to produce some of the best presentation materials. I speak like I speak and often I speak to sell an idea that I have written about. I find it much easier to state my ideas clearly; writing has improved my ability to articulate ideas quickly in any setting. The habit of writing has shaped my ability to create meaningful sentences and to express my thoughts. It has helped me to transform how I approach public and even individual-based speaking settings. The practice of writing on a frequent basis has turned me into a better person in many other ways. I t has kept me focused on learning; writing requires a high-level of discipline in creating interesting content in a way that needs one to research and study a lot. Considering that one cannot write haphazardly, writing has kept me focused to learn more, particularly on what needs to be written and what does not need to be written. I have applied this approach in my life as well by focusing largely on what I consider beneficial in my life and trying as much as possible to avoid what I do not consider as necessary. It has also given me a sense of urgency in figuring out what is important at a particular time and place in life. It keeps my forward progress on course as it prevents me from starting down the slippery slope of procrastination. More importantly, writing has influenced my life by allowing me to create bigger ideas. The habit of creating and producing content affords one an opportunity to create bigger ideas that can be repurposed and reshaped for other settings. In conclusi on, the above explanation clearly indicates that writing has positively influenced my life. Engaging in writing on a frequent basis has positively shaped my feelings, memories, feelings, and brought enormous benefits in my life. Through writing, I have gained experience that is of great benefit to my personal potential and growth. As has been noted, writing has played a critical role in improving my communication skills; both verbal and written skills. In addition,